Interesting concepts about milking that I don't believe

Milk one squeeze from each teat and discard

Dip each teat in teat dip and let air dry

    Teat Dip:

        1 pint of warm water

        1 drop of dawn detergent

        1 tablespoon bleach

The point of this is to prevent E. Coli. The teat dip is to prevent mastitis.

Bleach the wrong approach. Strengthen the immune system and weaken the superbug strain. Also, bleach weakens the immune system and make one more susceptible to bacteria and virus through the digestive track.

The Beginnings of a Scholarship

EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES:

  Grassroots Garden

       Cob Oven, Cooking, Hands-on Experience, Building Interpersonal Skills, Compost Research

  Food for Lane County Food Bank

  OSU Extension - MG, MFP, Pruner, Composter

  Green Chemistry Club - VP, Environmental Quality Testing, Earth Day

  World Touring - China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand

  Cattle Ranching in Solvang, Ca

  Classical and Flamenco Guitar acquired from an internationally acclaimed classical guitarist

  Piano

  Getting Married in June

    planning on Starting a Family in about two years, hopefully when I start PA School.

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS:
  National Downhill Champion
  Cisco Engineer

  Equinox Trailers

  PA - not for money, doctors without borders, helping those who are struggling against the odds.
  Bike Mechanic on and off for 16 years - Mechanic, Sales, Manager

  Ski and Boot Fitting shop

PARTICULAR DIFFICULT ADVERSITY I OVERCAME:

    I am a first generation polish gypsy jew. My mother arrived in New York in 1943 at the age of two. My father and mother met in Los Angeles when he was a CNC machinist for Lockheed Martin. Then ended up separating when I was about four years old. Between four and nine my father and I transported our 50-foot airstream trailer all over the contiguous United States and ultimately attended a great number of schools during this time period. At the age of nine, my father purchased a 38-foot trimaran of which we sailed up and down the Pacific Coast from Washington to Mexico. This proved to be a very life enriching experience, however, the continual relocating made getting through lower education challenging. At the age of 15 we moved to Santa Barbara and because of an abusive situation I acquired a new set of parents through unofficial means who have been a very stable influence up and through the present.

A read worth looking into:

[Nock, Arthur Darby. Early Gentile Christianity and Its Hellenistic Background ((1928 / 1964)), pg. 58- 9]

The What and Why (In relation to physics)

Discerning the difference between the What and the Why is a notion brought forth by "The Fear of Physics" by Lawrence M. Krauss. In his book he calls it the difference between the How and the Why, however, as a few people have noted, it is more difficult to extrapolate the difference. The idea is set forth in the realm of physics. It is what has helped great scientists (most notably Galileo) drop the unimportant details of trying to determine why something works as it does (often upholding an emotional based idea) and get straight to the underlying details of what is actually scientifically happening. Once the rote details have been assessed, then the hypotheses of why something is happening can be determined. Another important attribute to this methodology is that a) what one perceives may often be very different to the outcome and b) the outcome can lead to additional unexpected discoveries because of a perspective that might not of otherwise not presented itself as a solution.

The Meaning of Stories

      A story has much significance far beyond the details or underlying philosophies that it works to represent. A story carries with it a piece of history that shows a relative link between a time period of the past and a time period and the present. It is a marker, if you will, of the environmental and social well being of ones livelihood. In today's world, one that relies heavily on data, misses connecting the data through a meaningful and digestible medium. Through the persistent loss of this medium and of the artists that conjure up their craftwork we simultaneously see the eroding of our planets ecosystems, diverse habitat, and social health and well being.

      The story telling practices of the ancients is a dying art, however, due to it's simplicity its powered can be regained.

 

Solventless Reactions – Summary Report

Scott Humason

CH 241 – MWF 8:30-9:50

Solventless Reactions – Summary Report

Brief Summary:
The purpose of this experiment is to learn about chemical reactions via its Melting Point. The initial products used are 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 1-indanone. These two covalent compounds are mixed together to form an oil. NaOH is then added to form a solid compound. Following this, HCL is added to dissolve acid in the product, thus increasing pH. There are three very distinct points in regards to Melting Points and this experiment. The first, being the technical research, this gives the basis of what to expect from the experiment. The second, is to verify that our initial products are in fact what we expect them to be. The third, is to verify the results of combining the initial products and to compare them to our initial technical data. With this info, we are then able to draw some conclusions on the success of the experiment, or more specifically, the purity of the final product.

Discussion of Results:
    Melting Points - The results of the experiment, in comparison to the initial technical data gathered, was in fact very similar. By doing this process, this verifies that the initial product that we are working with is in fact, very likely to be what it says it is. 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde had a starting melting point of 42.5C degrees and ended at 44C degrees. Scientific range: 42-45C. 1-indanone had a starting melting point at 38C degrees and ended at 41C degrees. Scientific range: 38-42C.

    Product collected and its melting range - The final product was a bit short of the technical data with a starting melting point of 153C and ending at 175C degrees. The lower melting point and range shows that a small percentage of impurities exist.

    Percent yield from starting materials - The initial products of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde weighed in at .2534g and 1-indanone weighed in at .2049g. This initial total before mixing is .4583g. At the completion of the experiment, .3712g was left. This means that .0871g of product was lost during the experiment, with a total product being about 81% of the initial products.

Analysis of error and quality of experiment:
I feel that the experiment went well. There is a noticeable shortcoming of converting the initial product into the final product. I feel that this had something to do with how completely the initial reactions happened. By not being extremely exact in weighing out the initial compounds, there is probably an offset of one reactant to another.

Evaluate experiment in terms of greenness:
Atom economy is stated to be excellent, meaning that this is an extremely efficient reaction. All of the atoms used in the reaction find a home in the new compound. Thy bi-products are oxygen and hydrogen that come out as water. This reaction doesn't use a solvent which considerably reduces chemical waste. Sodium hydroxide is used as a catalyst to lower the energy pathway over an activation barrier. This reduces the number of steps needed to complete the reaction, speeds up the reaction process, and is not consumed by the reaction, so this catalyst can be recycled and reused.

Chemical and Engineering News Abstracts

Scott Humason

Chem 241: MWF: 8:30-9:50

Chemical and Engineering News Abstracts

Specialty Chemicals: Environmental Challenges Drive Alternatives
Phthalate Esters are an established and cost effective plasticizer that is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flexible. Phthalate esters are one of the most scrutinized chemicals permitted on the market today. Environmentalists argue that phthalate causes reproductive problems and damage sexual development in neonatal infants. Industrial groups argue that there is no correlation between adverse health issues and the use of phthalate. Alternative plasticizers do exist, however, none of them meet the broad range of applications as they are for very specific uses and come at in increased cost. Because of this cost increase, it is not expected for alternatives to be heavily sought after until a ban on phthalate is imposed.

Bacterial Conversations
Conversations between bacteria have been documented as a natural phenomenon. These single cell organisms are thought to communicate their needs to other like species of bacteria as a means of getting what they are not locomotivly able to provide on their own. Bacterial conversations are defined as quorum sensing and are made up of chemicals called autoinducers. An example of this behavior is a bacteria's ability to listen to autoinducers which turn on or off the genes of the bacteria to act in solidarity or in a group. When a minimum population size has been met, they will function as a group. The squid has developed an symbiotic relationship with these bacteria as seen by luminescence. In exchange for food and shelter, V.fisheri will produce luminescent proteins when signaled by the squid. The luminescent proteins will in turn allow the light needed for the squid to hunt and thus complete the cycle to feed and house the bacteria.

Steam Distillation and Isolation of Essential Oils

Scott Humason

Chem 241: MWF: 8:30-930

Steam Distillation and Isolation of Essential Oils

Procedure:
Using an internal steam distillation method, collect about 30mL of distillate from 5 grams of ground clove in a 100mL Round Bottom Flask. Of the 30mL, separate the first 10mL from the second 20mL. Smell the difference, if the are different analyze separately.

Transfer water and product to centrifuge tube and spin it down in a centrifuge. This should form one droplet. If you already have one droplet, there is no need to do this step. Collect the droplet using a pipette. If no product is visible and sample has a smell, use 5mL of CH2CL2 (dichloromethane) and let it evaporate.

Once the product has been collected, determine the mass of the product and analyze it with an IR spectroscope.

Brief Summary of Experiment:
The goal of this experiment is to use steam distillation to isolate an essential oil. I chose cloves because of its inherent richness in oil most likely ability to get a sample without using dichloromethane to separate the sample. I was able to get a significant sized drop, mass its weight, and get an IR spectroscopic analysis performed.

Discussion of Results:
Amount of Essential Oil Collected  =  .0258g of Essential Oil Collected

Percent Yield of Essential Oil

grams of oil produced .0258g
------------------------------ = -------- = .0049 X 100 = .49 %
grams of starting material 5.238g


Identification of Essential Oil (IR Analysis):
See Attached Sheets


Analysis of Error and Quality of Experiment:
I believe that the room for error is considerably greater anytime the % of product produced is relatively small. I found that a fair amount of oil was attracted to the plastic of the pipette used to extract the droplet. This will certainly affect the weight measurement. This also affects the ability to cover the IR spectroscope's lens to get an accurate analysis. I feel that the quality of the experiment was largely validated by the IR analysis and matching it up with the online IR Database.

Evaluation of Greenness:
This procedure is relatively green, subtracting the energy to produce the heat and the tooling, except if dichloromethane is used to separate the product. Because I went out of my way to get the product to be produced without this step, I feel the greenness of the final product and the process to be environmentally reasonable.

Kinetic Investigation of Unimolecular Solvolysis

Scott Humason

Chem 241: MWF: 8:30-9:50

Kinetic Investigation of Unimolecular Solvolysis

1.) How many millimoles of tert-butyl choloride and hydroxide ion are present in each flask prior to mixing?

Tert-butyl Chloride
3mL X .10 mol = .3mmol

Hydroxide Ion
.3ml X .10 mol = .03mml
+ 6.7 ml H20


2.) Does the acetone participate directly in the reaction? How about the water? Explain?

The water and acetone help stabilize the carbocation. The acetone also helps slow down the reaction by decreasing molar concentration, making it easier to measure the time.


3.) What is the relationship between rate constant for unimolecular reaction and percent reaction given by the expression?

Rate Constant:

[A]o [.1mol Tert-butyl Chloride]
-Ln -------- = [K(time)] Ln ------------------------------------ = K
[A]t [.09mol Hydroxide Ion]
----------------------------------------------
(time)

[.1mol Tert-butyl Chloride]o
1st reaction -Ln ------------------------------------ = [K(56)] K = -.002
[.09mol Hydroxide Ion]t

[.1mol Tert-butyl Chloride]o
2nd reaction -Ln ------------------------------------ = [K(78)] K = -.0013
[.09mol Hydroxide Ion]t

[.1mol Tert-butyl Chloride]o
3rd reaction -Ln ------------------------------------ = [K(82)] K = -.0012
[.09mol Hydroxide Ion]t


4.) What conclusion can you draw about effect of temp on Sn1 reaction rate constant? Do you think your results would be qualitatively true for other reactions?

I had every expectation that the colder the temp that the reaction would be slower and the warmer the temp the faster the reaction would take place. However, the reaction at room temp was the faster initially to get started but the duration of time from start to end was a little bit longer of a time span, with the warmer being faster between reactions.

Temp Graph:

[Fill in Data Here]

5.) Calculate rate constant for each temp in problem B

[.1mol Tert-butyl Chloride]o
@13 Celsius -Ln ------------------------------------ = [K(224)] K = 4.7 ^4
[.09mol Hydroxide Ion]t

[.1mol Tert-butyl Chloride]o
@11.5 Celsius -Ln ------------------------------------ = [K(278)] K = 3.78 ^4
[.09mol Hydroxide Ion]t

[.1mol Tert-butyl Chloride]o
@33 Celsius -Ln ------------------------------------ = [K(127)] K = 8.29 ^4
[.09mol Hydroxide Ion]t

[.1mol Tert-butyl Chloride]o
@34 Celsius -Ln ------------------------------------ = [K(103)] K = .001
[.09mol Hydroxide Ion]t


6.) Which is a more polar solvent, acetone or water?

Water, having 2 lone electron pairs, and no counter balancing atoms make for an overall electronegative molecule thus is more polar. The lone electron pairs also create a considerable electro negative force.


7.) Note that the rate determining step of this reaction involves the production of a positively charged particle. What effect would you expect a more polar medium to have on solvolysis rate? Explain. How does this expectation compare with results of the experiments?

The positively charged particle is the cation intermediate that is created when the Chlorine is removed. To remove the Cl-, a suitable leaving environment is needed for both the anion of the leaving group and the carbocation. A more polar medium would slow down the leaving group and ultimately have no effect on the carbocation. Since the first step, the leaving group, is the slow step, a more polar medium will slow down the reaction rate considerably.


8.) Summarize the leaving group and alkyl group influence rate constant for unimolecular solvolysis.

Chlorine is not the best leaving group, second to Fluorine in its affinity to be in a bond (due to short bond length). Being a tertiary reaction makes it difficult/impossible to use a nucleophile to push off the leaving group, so a more polar positive and/or hindered base will make for a better leaving environment and the stronger the nucleophile the quicker the cation will be attacked by a nucleophile.

Liquid CO2 Extraction of Limonene from Orange Peel

Scott Humason

Chem 241: MWF: 8:30-9:50

Liquid CO2 Extraction of Limonene from Orange Peel

Brief Summary of Experiment:
The goal of this experiment is to extract D-Limonene from an orange peel using supercritical CO2. Obtain 2.5 grams of ground orange peel from the most orange part of the orange peel. Build an apparatus to suspend the ground orange peel from the bottom of a chamfered tube. Pack the orange peel filled tube with CO2 ice, cap it and submerge in warm water. If the seal hold, then the pressure will turn the evaporating CO2 gas into a liquid. The liquid will descend through the orange peel, removing oil along its path and deliver it to the bottom of the tube. When the "boiling" is done, removing the cap will allow the CO2 to escape as a gas and leave only the oil. With this oil, we will gather data about the percent yield.

Discussion of Results:
Amount of Essential Oil Collected
Actual Grams of Product Collected = .029g
Percent Yield of Essential Oil Collected

grams of product collected .029g
-------------------------------- = ------------ = .01147 x 100 = 1.1417%
grams of starting material 2.2582g

Analysis of Error and Quality of Experiment:
The biggest challenge to this experiment was keeping the CO2 contained during it's transition state from solid to a liquid. If there was a leak in the vessel the solid would easily escape as a gas, however, if is was pressurized enough, cold liquid would form and extract the oil very quickly. I feel that the results are very reliable, considering that the product is very pure. In addition, because the oil didn't get heated, there was no worry about oxidization, a common issue with oil.

Evaluation of Experiment in terms of Greenness:
This experiment highlighted a very low impact process of extracting oils. This process involved no toxic materials - outside of the plastic used as containers. The most detrimental step was the energy used to convert gaseous CO2 into liquid CO2.

In comparison to Steam Distillation:
The steam distillation experiment was a much more labor intensive and time intensive project. It is difficult to say which one was more efficient at producing more or better product, however, working with the resulting product was the clear marker of difference. With the steam distillation method, the oil was suspended in water and was extremely difficult separate and stuck to the separating equipment. However, with the CO2 process, the oil was all by itself, making for a much smoother and cleaner process.